Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/import.php on line 29

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/import.php on line 32

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::clean() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/import.php on line 33

Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanArray() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 463

Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanArray() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 464

Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanArray() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 465

Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanArray() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 466

Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanArray() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 467

Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanArray() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 468

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/import.php on line 35

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/import.php on line 38

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/import.php on line 39

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/import.php on line 46

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/import.php on line 47

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/import.php on line 50

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/import.php on line 53

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/import.php on line 54

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/import.php on line 57

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/import.php on line 58

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JFactory::getApplication() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/index.php on line 34

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Redefining already defined constructor for class JObject in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/base/object.php on line 57

Strict Standards: Non-static method JApplication::getInstance() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/factory.php on line 46

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JApplicationHelper::getClientInfo() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line 132

Strict Standards: Declaration of JSite::getRouter() should be compatible with & JApplication::getRouter($name = NULL, $options = Array) in /home/www2voce/public_html/includes/application.php on line 377

Strict Standards: Declaration of JSite::getPathWay() should be compatible with & JApplication::getPathway($name = NULL, $options = Array) in /home/www2voce/public_html/includes/application.php on line 377

Strict Standards: Declaration of JSite::getMenu() should be compatible with & JApplication::getMenu($name = NULL, $options = Array) in /home/www2voce/public_html/includes/application.php on line 377

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/registry/registry.php on line 19

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Declaration of JSession::set() should be compatible with JObject::set($property, $value = NULL) in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/session/session.php on line 737

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/session/session.php on line 19

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Declaration of JSessionStorageNone::register() should be compatible with JSessionStorage::register($options = Array) in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/session/storage/none.php on line 38

Warning: session_start(): Cannot send session cookie - headers already sent by (output started at /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/import.php:29) in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/session/session.php on line 423

Warning: session_start(): Cannot send session cache limiter - headers already sent (output started at /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/import.php:29) in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/session/session.php on line 423

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/import.php:29) in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/session/session.php on line 426

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/html/parameter.php on line 21

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Declaration of JRegistryFormatINI::objectToString() should be compatible with JRegistryFormat::objectToString(&$object) in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/registry/format/ini.php on line 281

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JPluginHelper::importPlugin() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/index.php on line 44

Strict Standards: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line 92

Strict Standards: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line 97

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/plugins/system/jxtended.php on line 51

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line 97

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Redefining already defined constructor for class JPlugin in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/plugin/plugin.php on line 75

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Declaration of JEvent::update() should be compatible with JObserver::update() in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/event/event.php on line 29

Strict Standards: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line 140

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line 97

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JFactory::getApplication() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/plugins/system/nonumberelements.php on line 18

Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getCmd() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/plugins/system/nonumberelements.php on line 27

Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 255

Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151

Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577

Strict Standards: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line 140

Strict Standards: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line 147

Strict Standards: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line 41

Strict Standards: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line 97

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line 140

Strict Standards: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line 147

Strict Standards: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line 41

Strict Standards: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line 97

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Redefining already defined constructor for class CMSDb in /home/www2voce/public_html/components/libraries/cmslib/spframework.php on line 240

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line 140

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line 97

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JDispatcher::getInstance() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line 140

Strict Standards: Non-static method JPluginHelper::getPlugin() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line 147

Strict Standards: Non-static method JPluginHelper::_load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/plugin/helper.php on line 41

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/cache/cache.php on line 19

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Declaration of JCacheStorage::get() should be compatible with JObject::get($property, $default = NULL) in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/cache/storage.php on line 173

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JSite::getMenu() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/components/com_content/router.php on line 120

Strict Standards: Non-static method JApplication::getMenu() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/includes/application.php on line 345

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JMenu::getInstance() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line 720

Strict Standards: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line 721

Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getInt() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/index.php on line 58

Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 179

Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 134

Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/components/libraries/cmslib/helper/url.php on line 74

Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 134

Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577

Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getWord() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/components/com_jomcomment/plugins/system.php on line 60

Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 236

Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 134

Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/document/document.php on line 19

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Declaration of JDocumentHTML::setBuffer() should be compatible with JDocument::setBuffer($content) in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 394

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getCmd() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/index.php on line 70

Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 255

Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 134

Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186
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Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Declaration of ContentController::display() should be compatible with JController::display($cachable = false) in /home/www2voce/public_html/components/com_content/controller.php on line 28

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: call_user_func_array() expects parameter 1 to be a valid callback, non-static method JHTMLBehavior::caption() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line 91

Strict Standards: Non-static method JHTML::script() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/html/html/behavior.php on line 63

Strict Standards: Non-static method JHTML::_() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line 172

Strict Standards: call_user_func_array() expects parameter 1 to be a valid callback, non-static method JHTMLBehavior::mootools() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line 91

Strict Standards: Non-static method JFactory::getConfig() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/html/html/behavior.php on line 46

Strict Standards: Non-static method JHTML::script() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/html/html/behavior.php on line 56

Strict Standards: Non-static method JURI::root() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line 176

Strict Standards: Non-static method JURI::base() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/environment/uri.php on line 276

Strict Standards: Non-static method JURI::getInstance() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/environment/uri.php on line 276

Strict Standards: Non-static method JFactory::getDocument() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line 179

Strict Standards: Non-static method JURI::root() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line 176

Strict Standards: Non-static method JFactory::getDocument() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/html/html.php on line 179

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Declaration of JCacheView::get() should be compatible with JCache::get($id, $group = NULL) in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/cache/handler/view.php on line 150

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 161

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 138

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JSite::getMenu() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/components/com_content/router.php on line 19

Strict Standards: Non-static method JApplication::getMenu() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/includes/application.php on line 345

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JMenu::getInstance() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line 720

Strict Standards: Non-static method JError::isError() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line 721

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::import() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 186

Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in /home/www2voce/public_html/libraries/loader.php on line 71

Edición 299

Edward S. Herman:

"Está claro que el poder económico

dicta las políticas

de los medios de comunicación"
BÁRBARA SCHIJMAN*


PROFESOR EMÉRITO DE ECONOMÍA en la Wharton School de la Universidad de Pennsylvania y destacado especialista en medios de comunicación, propaganda y políticas regulatorias, Edward S. Herman es ampliamente reconocido por su espíritu crítico. Trabajó muy cerca del filósofo y lingüista Noam Chomsky, con quien publicó, entre otros, The Political Economy of Human Rights (1979); The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism (1979); y Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. Además, ambos intelectuales escribieron la obra traducida al español Los guardianes de la libertad: Propaganda, desinformación y consenso en los medios de comunicación de masas, (1990). Entretanto, junto a David Peterson, elaboró The politics of genocide (La política del genocidio, 2010).

 

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Schijman: ¿En qué consiste la economía política de los medios de comunicación, que desarrolló junto a Noam Chomsky en Los guardianes de la libertad?

Herman: La razón por la cual elegimos las palabras “economía” y “política” para describir el funcionamiento de los grupos de comunicación y su modalidad de acción tiene que ver con la intención de poner énfasis en la idea de que los mismos no sólo no son ajenos a la arena política sino que, incluso, forman parte de la economía. Lejos de constituir agencias independientes dedicadas a decir verdades, su comportamiento está determinado por sus vínculos económicos y sus conexiones políticas. Los medios son propiedad de actores económicos, los financian agencias de publicidad -a través de sus anuncios- y dependen de los gobiernos para obtener información, licencias, entablar relaciones comerciales con países extranjeros y, en ocasiones, también para contar con protección policial. Forman parte de lo que se conoce como la economía política.

El libro describe también el “modelo de propaganda” de la corporación mediática norteamericana. ¿Es posible aplicarlo a las empresas periodísticas del resto del mundo?

Sí, claramente, dado que este modelo de propaganda se ocupa de los factores estructurales que, en diferentes proporciones, dan forma e intensidad al desempeño de los medios en el mundo. En Estados Unidos, donde la base de la gran mayoría de los medios de comunicación es comercial y depende de la existencia de anuncios, la influencia directa e indirecta de las empresas sobre ellos es importante. En otros países, en cambio, el control del gobierno es a menudo más pesado y la influencia política puede ser más directa y menos sutil.

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Sin embargo, la tendencia mundial y el auge del neoliberalismo en las últimas décadas impulsaron la privatización de los medios. En términos de agenda, está claro que el poder económico dicta las políticas y las portadas del día mediante el control tanto de los principales partidos políticos como de los medios de comunicación dominantes.

¿Entonces?

A raíz de esto, la aplicabilidad del modelo de propaganda en el mundo sigue este mismo patrón que se observa y funciona en Estados Unidos. Este modelo de propaganda que desarrollamos en el libro describe cinco elementos que determinan lo que es “noticia”; en otras palabras, lo que aparece en los diarios o lo que transmite la radio y la televisión. Estos filtros son: La concentración de propiedad; la publicidad como principal fuente de ingresos de los medios; la dependencia informativa generada por el gobierno, las administraciones públicas, las instituciones burocráticas y las corporaciones; el Flak o las “contramedidas” para disciplinar los medios y el anticomunismo, como motor ideológico principal del sistema propagandístico.

En la edición 2002 del libro, agregamos al quinto filtro, la ideología del libremercado. El anticomunismo permanece intacto, pero surge el libremercado, asumido como un bien cuyos efectos son puramente benéficos. Este agregado tiene relación con las constantes críticas a todo aquello que amenace la ideología del libremercado. Cada uno de estos elementos actúa como filtro.

De algún modo, la obra advierte sobre la dificultad de sobrevivir en los medios sin internalizar estos filtros...

Es difícil realmente, y las presiones para internalizarlos son importantes, además de las ventajas económicas y las ventajas de status que vienen de la mano de adoptarlos. Sin embargo, un periodista íntegro y resuelto a no constituirse simplemente en un canal transmisor de los intereses del poder dominante puede aprender la forma de encarar su trabajo de manera honesta y hasta puede sacar alguna ventaja de las imperfecciones del control que viene desde arriba.

¿Cree posible mejorar el sistema de medios de comunicación?

No lo veo muy factible realmente, porque es el producto de fuerzas sociales muy poderosas, con poder económico y político mundial, con recursos de considerable magnitud y cuya tendencia va en crecimiento, incluso en estos tiempos de reveses económicos y escándalos diversos. Se trata de un sistema de medios que es de autoprotección; cuestionarlo dependería de la comprensión del público y de que el poder se organizara para efectuar un cambio político. A través de este último, entonces, se podría lograr eventualmente la reestructuración del sistema.

¿Qué actitud adoptan las empresas periodísticas?

La realidad muestra que los medios dominantes difícilmente fomenten o apunten a una verdadera comprensión del público, alienten campañas para su descentralización, promuevan ampliar la propiedad pública o una mayor independencia en la gestión de los mismos. Tampoco resulta sencillo imaginar que vayan a dejar de lado la publicidad que los financia o que opten por prescindir de la cantidad de regalos que les llegan anualmente desde la esfera política.

Por otra parte, es complejo pensar en la posibilidad de alcanzar un sistema de medios democrático, plural y objetivo. Habría que quitar la base de la propiedad para que lo fuera, a pesar de que una base parcial conformada por pequeños propietarios, junto con una propiedad pública, podría funcionar. Sin embargo, para que esto sucediera, sería necesaria algo así como una revolución.

Usted sostiene que los medios promueven la agenda de la elite y la manera en que, a través de sus coberturas, buscan tener injerencia en las actividades de Estados Unidos en América Latina. ¿Podría mencionar algún ejemplo?

Una cuestión sobre la que nos hemos centrado en Manufacturing Consent (Fabricación de consentimiento), y en otros escritos también, es la forma cómo Estados Unidos utilizó la realización de elecciones en el Tercer Mundo para dirigir y controlar el consenso interno. Por un lado, en algunos casos, intervenimos para apoyar gobiernos terroristas que acatan nuestro mandato logrando, a menudo, que mantuvieran cierto espectáculo electoral, a través del cual mostraban supuestas cualidades democráticas, a pesar de los asesinatos, la tortura, etcétera.

Por el otro, los países que atacamos o a los que vamos a atacar, con frecuencia van a encontrar que se ridiculizan sus elecciones por ser consideradas desleales. La comparación clásica que desarrollamos en nuestro libro es entre El Salvador y Nicaragua, durante la década de 1980. Aunque las elecciones en Nicaragua fueron mucho más honestas que las de El Salvador, los medios de comunicación cooperaron con el gobierno de Ronald Reagan y mostraron que la elección salvadoreña era un paso hacia la democracia, mientras que a las elecciones en Nicaragua las tildaron de “farsa”. (New York Times.)

¿Entonces?

Esto ayudó a justificar aún más el apoyo prestado al atroz gobierno de El Salvador y el apoyo norteamericano al terror constante contra el gobierno sandinista de Nicaragua. De la misma manera, con el gobierno de Estados Unidos hostil a Irán, su elección de 2009 fue atacada con furia, por lo que los medios de comunicación y gran parte de la supuesta izquierda hicieron lo mismo, mientras que el golpe de Estado y la farsa electoral en Honduras fueron apoyados por el gobierno. Por consiguiente, el tema recibió un trato suave o fue ignorado por los medios dominantes de Estados Unidos; y, lamentablemente, también por la izquierda.

En relación con esto último, ¿qué piensa acerca de las teorías que sostienen que Estados Unidos apoyó la destitución del ex presidente Fernando Lugo, en Paraguay?

Estoy seguro de que aquellas ideas que afirman que Estados Unidos apoyó golpes de Estado en América Latina son ciertas. Lo sucedido recientemente en Paraguay sigue un cauce similar al ocurrido en Honduras. Y Barack Obama sigue los pasos de George Bush. Es un país al que le agradan las dictaduras de derecha porque, de ese modo, cree posible mantener a la población bajo control y al servicio de las elites nacionales y extranjeras. De hecho, se mostró incluso satisfecho con la última dictadura militar en la Argentina. Se trata de una larga tradición que fluye desde el poder de la comunidad empresarial y el establishment militar.

** Revista Debate



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